tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43118384321045075832024-03-13T14:14:50.793+05:30Quick Image Processing Research GuideWe provide point to point quick and easiest understanding of all image processing research concepts as well as concepts related to research methodology.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger53125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-70406405808640987872022-11-07T09:18:00.003+05:302023-01-20T08:16:24.310+05:30How To Use MySQL Triggers | Triggers | MySQL<p><span style="text-align: center;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span> </p><p>MySQL triggers apply restrictions to tables when adding, updating, or removing table rows.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg5CmMK5R3NrPQ9vHS6c3nyx69-JS_oDBq5q3QGuv6ymI7MPD9SPIi64SX1BQyNCmE_k1Q7fWrcnx7VqtIW36dkGOGmuHKuYLWACzmwTmHO_1u9l-BpbvLMZf0ceFFw-JhmdSZszBKuyb3-KOVqepD05SY5xIyfMQfEIcakovQi4yVSAAb1F3nDatbC" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="2000" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg5CmMK5R3NrPQ9vHS6c3nyx69-JS_oDBq5q3QGuv6ymI7MPD9SPIi64SX1BQyNCmE_k1Q7fWrcnx7VqtIW36dkGOGmuHKuYLWACzmwTmHO_1u9l-BpbvLMZf0ceFFw-JhmdSZszBKuyb3-KOVqepD05SY5xIyfMQfEIcakovQi4yVSAAb1F3nDatbC" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgKP066LK3FfM9KwTxz__-5H8PLVl2WN7BLe_tp6MqZ8B9hkMKR9FNgDg1THHdJOVAM3pDVmPtZY3uZ2SAVLoB_qXgxCL-PcYrFaO6h9YmCQL_IZQSI2-bd9z6gAUfXwKXJF38-SWwIfsGGJKq9v-1J_2iOy3tvhC3uLuYC-W8_sp_68HWzKN4IWJg6" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1013" data-original-width="2000" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgKP066LK3FfM9KwTxz__-5H8PLVl2WN7BLe_tp6MqZ8B9hkMKR9FNgDg1THHdJOVAM3pDVmPtZY3uZ2SAVLoB_qXgxCL-PcYrFaO6h9YmCQL_IZQSI2-bd9z6gAUfXwKXJF38-SWwIfsGGJKq9v-1J_2iOy3tvhC3uLuYC-W8_sp_68HWzKN4IWJg6" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="text-align: center;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#Before Insert</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#A trigger will fire when a new student get admission and his/her marks will be </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#increased by 2 just before inclusion in the table. </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">create table student (sname varchar(20), marks int);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">insert into student values ("A", 70),("B", 50),("C", 80),("D", 90);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">select * from student;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">delimiter $$</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">create TRIGGER calculate</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">before INSERT on student</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">FOR EACH ROW</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">begin</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">set new.marks=new.marks+2;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">end$$</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">insert into student values ("F", 40);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">select * from student;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="text-align: center;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#After Insert</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#A trigger will fire after inclusion of a new student and marks will be inserted in a new table.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">create table student1 (sname varchar(20), marks int);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">insert into student1 values ("A", 70),("B", 50),("C", 80),("D", 90);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">select * from student1;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">create table Final_mark(total_marks int);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">delimiter $$</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">create TRIGGER cal</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">after INSERT on student1</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">FOR EACH ROW</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">begin</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">insert into Final_mark values(new.marks);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">end$$</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">insert into student1 values ("G", 45);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">select * from student1;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">select * from Final_mark;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="text-align: center;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">---------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#After delete</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#Create a replica table of studentnew. Now a trigger will fire when a studentnew will be </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#deleted and all the marks in replica table will be increased by 2.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">create table studentnew (sname varchar(20), marks int);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">insert into studentnew values ("A", 70),("B", 50),("C", 80),("D", 90);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">select * from studentnew;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">create table student_replica(sname varchar(20), marks int);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">insert into student_replica values ("A", 70),("B", 50),("C", 80),("D", 90),("F", 42),("G", 47);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">select * from student_replica;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">delimiter $$</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">CREATE TRIGGER student_delete </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">AFTER DELETE ON studentnew</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">FOR EACH ROW</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">begin</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">UPDATE student_replica </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">SET student_replica.marks=student_replica.marks+2;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">end$$</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">delete from studentnew where marks=70;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="text-align: center;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#Before Update</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#A trigger will fire before the value of any student getting updated and </b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><b>#all the marks in replica table will be decreased by 10.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">create table studentnew1 (sname varchar(20), marks int);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">insert into studentnew1 values ("A", 70),("B", 50),("C", 80),("D", 90);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">select * from studentnew1;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">create table student_replica1(sname varchar(20), marks int);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">insert into student_replica1 values ("A", 70),("B", 50),("C", 80),("D", 90),("F", 42),("G", 47);</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">select * from student_replica1;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">delimiter $$</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">CREATE TRIGGER student_update1 </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">BEFORE UPDATE ON studentnew1</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">FOR EACH ROW</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">begin</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">UPDATE student_replica1 </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">SET student_replica1.marks=student_replica1.marks-10;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">end$$</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">UPDATE studentnew1 set studentnew1.sname="NEW" where marks=90;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">select * from student_replica1;</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div></div><br /><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>A Digital Image Processing job is doable if you have a basic understanding of digital electronics fundamentals. Improved visualization techniques have been made possible in recent years by advances in image, video, and sound technology. Digital Image Processing has a wide range of career options, and each one has a unique set of difficulties and possibilities. As a user of Digital Image Processing, you may edit digital images on a computer using the Adobe Photoshop application. GOFASTRESEARCH has put up a list of Digital Image Processing interview questions and answers to help you brush up on your skills and prepare for the big day. To have a successful career, pay attention to these tips and follow them to the letter.</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>----------------------------------------------------------------</b></span></p><p style="text-align: left;">1. <b>Image</b> is a 2D representation of a 3D world.</p><p style="text-align: left;">2. <b>Basic elements of the image processing system</b>.</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Image acquisition</li><li>Image storage</li><li>Image processing</li><li>Display</li><li>Transmission</li></ul><div>3. The process of digitization involves two steps:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><b>Sampling</b>: Digitization of co-ordinate values.</li><li><b>Quantization</b>: Digitization of amplitude values.</li></ul><div>Digitization = Sampling + Quantization</div></div><div><br /></div><div>4. Spatial resolution gives us an indication of the sampling while gray-level resolution gives us an indication of the quantization.</div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;">5. <b>Low pass filtering</b>: It removes high-frequency content from the image. It removes the noise present in the image. Also called smoothening. </p><p style="text-align: left;">6. <b>Principal source of noise</b> in a digital image is image acquisition and image transmission.</p><p style="text-align: left;">7. <b>Various types of image noise</b>: Gaussian noise, Salt and pepper noise, Rayleigh noise, Gamma noise, Exponential noise, Uniform noise.</p><p style="text-align: left;">8. <b>Low pass averaging filer</b>: Used to eliminate gaussian noise. It removes noise by blurring it till it is no longer seen. But in this process, it also blurs the edges. The bigger the averaging mask, the more is the blurring.</p><p style="text-align: left;">9. <b>Histogram </b>is the graphical representation of the digital image. It represents the relative frequency of occurrence of various gray levels in an image.</p><p style="text-align: left;">10. One way to increase the dynamic range is by using a technique known as <b>linear stretching</b>. Also called <b>histogram stretching</b>.</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjdcJgQjUnP8tr-6dbdsm2JpMRspquka9f1DsiKI9sOLIf7eg6Xtl8uEp3i2NHy2R5V97GfwMnSWFtZl7tBTyFPk-HZY9RxQORotHTaV1g9Rxvoj1fV0INEDj7EATgGR4wl4QMzM7aUNdoxa7B6NkPV_UxtI1Fp-R8znOa0JraHi3AZezoS5ujZVZVC" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="1280" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjdcJgQjUnP8tr-6dbdsm2JpMRspquka9f1DsiKI9sOLIf7eg6Xtl8uEp3i2NHy2R5V97GfwMnSWFtZl7tBTyFPk-HZY9RxQORotHTaV1g9Rxvoj1fV0INEDj7EATgGR4wl4QMzM7aUNdoxa7B6NkPV_UxtI1Fp-R8znOa0JraHi3AZezoS5ujZVZVC" width="320" /></a></div><br />11. <b>Histogram Equalization: </b>is the process of adjustment of image intensities to enhance the contrast. To enhance contrast, it spreads out the most frequent pixel intensity values or stretches out the intensity range of the image.<div><br /></div><div>12. <b>Histogram Specification/ Histogram Matching: </b>is the transformation of an image so that its histogram matches a specified histogram.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>or</b></div><div style="text-align: left;">Take an image and generate an output image that is based upon the shape of a specific (reference) histogram.</div><div><br /></div><div>13.<b> Linear filtering: </b>is a method in which the value of the output pixel is a linear combination of the neighboring input pixels. It can be done with convolution.</div><div><b>Ex:</b> mean filter, average filter, gaussian filter.</div><div><br /></div><div>14. <b>Non-Linear filtering: </b>is a method that cannot be done with convolution or Fourier multiplication.</div><div><b>Ex:</b> Sliding median filter.</div><div><br /></div><div>15. <b>Kernel/ convolution matrix/ Mask: </b>is a matrix of values whose size and values determine the transformation effect of the convolution process. It is used for blurring, sharpening, embossing, edge detection, and more. This is done by doing the convolution between the kernel and the image.</div><div><br /></div><div>16. <b>Convolution</b> is the process of transforming an image by applying a kernel over each pixel and its local neighbors across the entire image.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: center;"> </span><b style="text-align: center;">or</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="text-align: center;">Convolution </b><span style="text-align: center;">provides a way of multiplying together two arrays of numbers generally of different sizes, but of the same dimensions to produce a third array of numbers of the same dimensions.</span></div><div><b><br /></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-90329373803548643612022-03-08T12:24:00.000+05:302022-03-08T12:24:06.260+05:309th IEEE UP SECTION INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING | 2-4 December 2022 | IIIT Allahabad | UPCON2022<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script> </b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>9th IEEE UP SECTION INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING | 2-4 December 2022 | IIIT Allahabad | UPCON2022</b></span></p><div class="pr-md-5 mr-md-5" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Nunito Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-right: 3rem !important; padding-right: 3rem !important;"><h2 class="mb-4 text-center" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: inherit; font-size: 40px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1.5rem !important; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center !important;">About IEEE UPCON2022</h2></div><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Nunito Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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Prior to this, first Eight series of UPCON conferences were organized at GCET, Greater Noida (2014), Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad (IIITA), Allahabad (2015), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU) Varanasi (2016) and GLA University (GLAU) Mathura (2017), MMMUT Gorakhpur (2018), AMU Aligarh (2019), MNNIT Allahabad (2020) and Tula’s Institute Dehradun (2021) respectively. This conference will provide an excellent platform to the researchers to present their research work and is known as the UP-section's conference. The conference is technically and financially sponsored by IEEE UP Section. There are multiple tracks in the conference covering almost all areas of Electrical, Computer & Electronics Engineering. Uttar Pradesh Section is located in Region 10, and is represented at the India Council. The Section was formed on 11 May 1992. Prior to that, Uttar Pradesh had been a sub-section under the Delhi Section since 28 December 1970. IEEE UP Section interfaces with the industries and academia through various technical and humanitarian activities. This Section organizes various activities throughout the year. Conference Proceedings will be abstracted and indexed by IEEE xplore.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Nunito Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiDhwoMkLLAUQunoqPNF49i-eB5udAYyCN2Y21T0vgOJaXgA1MehJZNlg9ixmbo-FLF4B6_d1u6M8gtQdchJXx5tnpUf8j4Vxr4Hpj30cAXRY9HBblpYxGxyymvqIfENA6mkq0V9RDXYs-rXMwUyIRxuvhGarnfjZoUFHEPgcyp2nZu2X5xXBswRaUc" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="85" data-original-width="971" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiDhwoMkLLAUQunoqPNF49i-eB5udAYyCN2Y21T0vgOJaXgA1MehJZNlg9ixmbo-FLF4B6_d1u6M8gtQdchJXx5tnpUf8j4Vxr4Hpj30cAXRY9HBblpYxGxyymvqIfENA6mkq0V9RDXYs-rXMwUyIRxuvhGarnfjZoUFHEPgcyp2nZu2X5xXBswRaUc=s16000" /></a></div><br /><p></p><table class="table col-lg-10 col-md-10 col-sm-12" style="-webkit-box-flex: 0; background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; box-shadow: rgb(68, 68, 68) 0px 2px 5px; color: #666666; flex: 0 0 83.3333%; font-family: "Nunito Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: auto; max-width: 83.3333%; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; position: relative; width: 884.984px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;"><tr style="background-color: maroon; box-sizing: border-box;"><th class="text-center" colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-size: 1.5rem; padding: 0.75rem; text-align: center !important; vertical-align: top;">Important Dates</th></tr><tr style="background-color: rgba(158, 157, 157, 0.2); box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="text-left" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">Call for Paper Opens on</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">19 February, 2022</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="text-left" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">Rolling Acceptance (Round 1)</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">30 April, 2022</td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgba(158, 157, 157, 0.2); box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="text-left" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">Rolling Acceptance (Round 2)</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">30 June, 2022</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="text-left" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">Rolling Acceptance (Round 3)</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">30 September, 2022</td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgba(158, 157, 157, 0.2); box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="text-left" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">Final Submission Deadline</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">31 July, 2022</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="text-left" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">Early Bird Registration Deadline*</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">10 November, 2022</td></tr><tr style="background-color: rgba(158, 157, 157, 0.2); box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="text-left" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">Camera Ready Submission</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">10 November, 2022</td></tr><tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="text-left" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">Late Registration (Extra fee)</td><td style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(222, 226, 230); box-sizing: border-box; color: maroon; font-weight: 600; padding: 0.75rem; vertical-align: top;">20 November, 2022</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div><b style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #800180; font-size: large;"><b><u>For more research-related articles click below</u></b></span></i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/difference-between-conference-paper-and.html" style="background-color: white; color: #f2132d; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Difference between conference paper and journal paper</a></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2021/07/what-is-research-paper.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">What is Research Paper?</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2021/07/what-is-patent.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">What is Patent?</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/07/what-is-scopus.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">What is Scopus?</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/07/what-is-copyright.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">What is Copyright?</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/07/what-is-google-scholar.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">What is Google Scholar?</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/06/which-is-better-python-or-matlab-what.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Which is better Python or Matlab | What should I learn Python or Matlab | Matlab vs Python</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/06/plotting-matlab-graph.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Plotting Graph in Matlab | Matlab Code | Experimental Results Analysis</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/top-reasons-for-research-paper.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Top Reasons for Research Paper Rejection | Preliminary State Rejection | Revision State Rejection</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/cover-letter-how-to-write-best-journal.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Cover Letter | How to Write the Best Journal Submission Cover Letter | Free Cover Letter Template</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/how-to-choose-research-topic-how-to.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">How to Choose a Research Topic? | How to Choose a Ph.D. Research Topic? | Step by Step Procedure to Decide Research Topic</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/composing-the-sections-of-research-paper.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Best Order of Composing the Sections of a Research Paper</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/introduction-for-a-research-paper.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">A Complete Guide on How to Write an Introduction for a Research Paper</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/04/how-to-write-proposed-technique-for.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">A Complete Guide on How to Write a Proposed Technique for a Research Paper</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/04/how-to-write-conclusion-for-research.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">A Complete Guide on How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/04/how-to-write-abstract-for-research-paper.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">A Complete Guide on How to Write an Abstract for a Research Paper</a></li></ul><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="background-color: white; clear: none; color: #f2132d; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span face="Montserrat, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="background-color: white; clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-67383763817110625272022-02-24T10:07:00.002+05:302022-02-24T10:07:58.059+05:30Difference between SAR Image and Optical Image | SAR vs. Optical Sensors<p style="text-align: justify;"> In remote sensing, the electromagnetic imaging sensor is known as Synthetic Aperture Radar, or SAR, is often used. In order to get a clear picture of the Earth's surface, the SAR sensor is attached to an airplane or satellite. This technology is sometimes used in more distant applications, such as taking images of Venus's surface.</p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>SAR Image/ SAR Sensors<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b>Optical Image/ Optical Sensors<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">The image
captured from synthetic aperture radar is called SAR image.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">The Image
captured from optical sensor like a film camera or a TV camera is called
optical image.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">SAR uses a
wavelength of 1 cm to 1 m.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Optical
sensors use wavelengths near that of visible light, or 1 micron.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 450.8pt;" valign="top" width="601">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Optical
sensors cannot see through clouds or storms because of the difference in
wavelengths. Because electromagnetic waves scatter or reflect at various
frequencies and wavelengths, the Earth's surface appears substantially
different in the two sensors. The intensity of the received signal is
typically determined by the surface roughness of objects that seem smooth at
one wavelength but relatively rough at a shorter one.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">SAR sensor
carries its own illumination source, in the form of radio waves transmitted
by an antenna<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">optical
sensors rely upon the sun's illumination or thermal radiation to create the
brightness that is observed by the sensor<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 450.8pt;" valign="top" width="601">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">The picture captured
by an optical sensor change with the time of day due to variations in the
sun's angle, while SAR can be utilised effectively at any time of day or
night.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">SAR is a
side-looking sensor.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 225.4pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Optical
sensors mainly look straight down.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 450.8pt;" valign="top" width="601">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">Both the
images contain different information, and for some applications SAR images
are better, while for other applications, optical images are better. For
example, SAR is better for imaging the ice in the Canadian Arctic. In an
optical image, snow and ice appear bright white, and relatively featureless.
But in a SAR image, the surface roughness patterns are clearly portrayed, and
trained observers can deduce the age and thickness of the ice.<o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><p style="text-align: justify;">Satellite data may be used in a variety of ways, each with advantages and disadvantages. radar imaging is better than optical imagery when it's foggy and you're looking to emphasize the roughness of the surfaces.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><i><u>Read more</u></i></b></span></p><div><div style="text-align: center;">Roughness and Brightness of SAR Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/roughness-and-brightness-of-sar-image.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/roughness-and-brightness-of-sar-image.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Different Types of SAR | Strip mapping Mode SAR | Spotlight Mode SAR | Inverse SAR (ISAR)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Problems in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Radar Categorization Based on Antenna Size | RAR (Real Aperture Radar) | SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Radar | Types of Radar | Active Radar | Passive Radar</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html</a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Applications for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">How Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Images are Created?</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/synthetic-aperture-radar-sar-image.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/synthetic-aperture-radar-sar-image.html</a></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><b style="text-align: center;"><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px;"><i><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Note: </span><span style="font-size: large;">If you are taking help from the above work and also incorporating the above content in your research work, Kindly make sure you are citing the below papers.</span></u></i></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><ol><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003</a></b></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106</a></b></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865</a></b></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z</a></b></span></span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; 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text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-41140253664723204252022-02-09T16:49:00.002+05:302022-02-09T16:50:46.963+05:30How to Write a Good Research Paper?<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Research</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Research is to discover new knowledge and Seek answers to questions. Research can be processed by following the “E-C-E cycle” concepts. A brief detail of the “E-C-E cycle” is given below: </p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><ul><li><b>Exploratory research:</b> You have to identify the topic and find a new problem (research question i.e. a new question with no answer in existing literature) by doing the literature survey.</li></ul><div><br /></div><ul><li><b>Constructive research:</b> Give a Hypothesis formulation by studying the literature survey to propose a new method/solution for your findings. Hypothesis formulation means: providing a (possible) answer to the research question which can be found through the literature survey and formulating a hypothesis based on your solution.</li></ul><div><br /></div><ul><li><b>Empirical research:</b> Implement the proposed method and perform experiments to test the hypothesis, and Give a comparative study between existing methods and the proposed method to justify that your solution is better in comparison to existing.</li></ul><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> Finally, you can conclude your work and if needed you can repeat the steps of the “E-C-E cycle”</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: xx-large;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-size: xx-large;">Writing the manuscript</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>The title</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;">-The abstract, Keywords: An abstract is a 150- to 250-word paragraph that provides readers with a quick overview of your essay or report and its organization.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.researchchapters.com/2020/04/how-to-write-good-research-paper.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><b><i><span style="font-size: medium;">Click here to read the complete </span>article</i></b></span></a></p><p style="text-align: right;"><i>Guest Post by,</i></p><p style="text-align: right;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: courier; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://sites.google.com/view/drmanojdiwakar/home?authuser=1" target="_blank"><b>Dr. Manoj Diwakar</b></a></span></i></p><p style="text-align: right;"><i><br /></i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #800180; font-size: large;"><b><u>For more research-related articles click below</u></b></span></i></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/difference-between-conference-paper-and.html" style="background-color: white; color: #f2132d; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">Difference between conference paper and journal paper</a></p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2021/07/what-is-research-paper.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">What is Research Paper?</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2021/07/what-is-patent.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">What is Patent?</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/07/what-is-scopus.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">What is Scopus?</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/07/what-is-copyright.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">What is Copyright?</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/07/what-is-google-scholar.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">What is Google Scholar?</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/06/which-is-better-python-or-matlab-what.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Which is better Python or Matlab | What should I learn Python or Matlab | Matlab vs Python</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/06/plotting-matlab-graph.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Plotting Graph in Matlab | Matlab Code | Experimental Results Analysis</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/top-reasons-for-research-paper.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Top Reasons for Research Paper Rejection | Preliminary State Rejection | Revision State Rejection</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/cover-letter-how-to-write-best-journal.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">Cover Letter | How to Write the Best Journal Submission Cover Letter | Free Cover Letter Template</a></li><li style="line-height: 1.5; list-style: none; margin: 5px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/how-to-choose-research-topic-how-to.html" style="color: #f2132d; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" target="_blank">How to Choose a Research Topic? 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</script></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="background-color: white; clear: none; color: #f2132d; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span face=""montserrat" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="background-color: white; clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-30999927382270052202022-02-05T16:31:00.001+05:302022-02-05T16:31:34.555+05:30Roughness and Brightness of SAR Image<p style="text-align: justify;">The brightness and darkness in the SAR images are due to the structure surface of the target object on the ground. The roughness of the surface decides the brightness of the SAR images. When the antenna transmits the high-frequency radar waves and they hit the ground, only a portion of the signals reflects back to the antenna. The antenna has the capability of both transmitting and receiving radar signals.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAYU2KPdUHWcPi4oTKNBzPsiZDZistYQc3rANYlgt_yARvH9ZpII5Pa98nz3yx5nyihxnTOqL3BA9ibezvybQheVYk7JREy_dxIWp8Tr1JDcD5S_V5rt_DBLEMOuGtiAPuPynZ-Dh6EcjdkfZrfFcb6XDXHZros-6jrdOecNHjva2P1iN4w8rVEQvy" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="826" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiAYU2KPdUHWcPi4oTKNBzPsiZDZistYQc3rANYlgt_yARvH9ZpII5Pa98nz3yx5nyihxnTOqL3BA9ibezvybQheVYk7JREy_dxIWp8Tr1JDcD5S_V5rt_DBLEMOuGtiAPuPynZ-Dh6EcjdkfZrfFcb6XDXHZros-6jrdOecNHjva2P1iN4w8rVEQvy=s16000" /></a></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 2. Surface orientation (a) Smooth surface (b) Rough surface</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Figure 2. shows the surface orientation of the target ground over which the radar signals hit. The smooth and rough surfaces are shown in the above figure. When radar signal hits the smooth surface of the terrain as shown in Figure 2.(a) the angle of incidence of the radar signal is almost equal to the angle of reflection of the reflected radar signal. This means that there is either no radar return or a very little energy returns back to the radar antenna. In this case, the projection is shown dark in the SAR image. This type of case is mainly seen in the calm water body like a river which has a specular reflection.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">When radar signal hits the rougher surface which has a random and irregular surface orientation, then the radar energy is reflected back in many directions as shown in Figure 2.(b). In this case, a small portion of the radar energy is reflected back and received by the SAR antenna which produces a bright signature in the SAR image. This type of case is mainly seen in SAR images of rocky mountains and trees.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The orientation of the local surface of the target region relative to radar wave travel path is responsible for the variation of brightness in the SAR images. Other various surface orientations responsible for variation in brightness are shown in Figure 3. When radar signal hit the surfaces that are perpendicular to the travel path of the signal then this scenario generates the strongest return as they are directly facing the sensor shown in Figure 3(a).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The slopes that face away from the SAR sensor produce the weak returns of the target information. Similarly, the slopes of the hills are steeper than the depression angle then they are not illuminated by the radar signals and are completely shadowed and in this case, least or no information of the returned back to the antenna which also appears darker in the SAR image. As the depression angle becomes smaller causing more gentle back slopes to become shadowed.</p><p></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9ZYd2OmGzSLQHLQ3nwhl7vRgWaiMNfEC5ov7XQqaiO-Xf8uUv9-3JISPwLYQflCnEj0SpKQmMjovytgdARrqUGN4_-s0TExGOPw9ZYdSxfMlgHDq2CzEq-8_Mm1HANmKYMJrvb_E-6cL5l1mWmXGHja_wiIM5SrDmkTWuxtJoZ_tixUjSpo5CgMs4" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="795" data-original-width="892" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9ZYd2OmGzSLQHLQ3nwhl7vRgWaiMNfEC5ov7XQqaiO-Xf8uUv9-3JISPwLYQflCnEj0SpKQmMjovytgdARrqUGN4_-s0TExGOPw9ZYdSxfMlgHDq2CzEq-8_Mm1HANmKYMJrvb_E-6cL5l1mWmXGHja_wiIM5SrDmkTWuxtJoZ_tixUjSpo5CgMs4=s16000" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Figure 3. Surface orientation affecting the brightness of the SAR images</b></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The visual appearance of the buildings in the populated area is bright and clear in the SAR image because of the corner reflector shape as shown in Figure 3.(b) and (c). In Figure 3(b), corner reflector is shown that produces the strongest return of the radar signals. It can be noticed that the radar signals when hit the surface it completely reflects back to the SAR sensor regardless of the depression angle. The objects with metal surfaces like bridges and towers of power line appear brighter in the SAR images because the value of the dielectric constant is high. The dry natural materials like rammed earth and earth sheltering have low dielectric constants, but the occurrence of humidity in the soil, snow, or vegetation raises this value and their radar reflectivity too. SAR image processing assesses humidity content of surface materials.</p><p><span style="text-align: justify;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b><i><u>Read more</u></i></b></span></p><div><div style="text-align: center;">Different Types of SAR | Strip mapping Mode SAR | Spotlight Mode SAR | Inverse SAR (ISAR)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Problems in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Radar Categorization Based on Antenna Size | RAR (Real Aperture Radar) | SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Radar | Types of Radar | Active Radar | Passive Radar</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html</a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Applications for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">How Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Images are Created?</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/synthetic-aperture-radar-sar-image.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/synthetic-aperture-radar-sar-image.html</a></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"><b style="text-align: center;"><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px;"><i><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Note: </span><span style="font-size: large;">If you are taking help from the above work and also incorporating the above content in your research work, Kindly make sure you are citing the below papers.</span></u></i></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><ol><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003</a></b></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106</a></b></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865</a></b></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z</a></b></span></span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span face="Montserrat, sans-serif"><br /></span></div></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span face=""montserrat" , sans-serif" style="outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-86146935450307118662022-02-03T22:02:00.006+05:302022-02-04T10:21:20.470+05:30How Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Images are Created?<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">SAR is also like a camera that captures images. Both SAR and optical camera have different penetrating capability. This penetrating capability depends upon the capturing phenomenon. In order to create an image, the optical camera depends on the light while SAR relies on radar signals which it transmits. This significant difference of SAR allows capturing the images in pure darkness and also permits to see through clouds, rain, fog, and snow. Creating a SAR image requires a heap of data and terrific calculating power.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">In general, the basic working principle of radar i.e. RAR is to calculate the time taken by the radio wave to travel from an antenna to object and back to the antenna. Radar computes this traveling distance from an antenna to object and back to the antenna using time interval but this kind of radar can only trace an object and measure its speed. To create an image, a significantly greater heap of data and terrific calculating power is needed. It needs an exceptionally elongated antenna. But in SAR, it uses a smart way of synthetically creating a long antenna by moving a small antenna to cover a long distance. After receiving all data, it saves it and starts processing it.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">As the airplane flies and moves forward, the SAR antenna transmits the high-frequency radio waves also called radar waves in the direction of the ground. In the middle of the pulses, the antenna collects backscattered high-frequency radio waves that have bounced off objects on the ground. These backscatter pulses contain information that includes the total distance traveled by the pulses to make the round trip to and from the plane. It also contains the information about the movement of the SAR whether it is moving in the direction of or against from the object on the ground. The backscattered pulses are recorded and if the pulses are recorded to be very close to each other, then the plane with the SAR antenna is moving towards the ground and if the pulses are recorded to be far from each other the plane is moving away from the ground.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">From the huge amount of backscattered pulse data collected, there are certain pulses that show a specific pattern, this specific pattern denotes that those pulses are bounced off from the same location. During this process the information related to distance is known from the exact location where the plane was when it sent and received the pulses that fit the pattern, it's a simple matter to plot the point of the object on the image it's creating. The point on the image is plotted, but the brightness of the point is still not known. SAR determines the brightness by the intensity of the signal it receives. An object such as a tree absorbs some of the radar energy and so it appears gray. A metal object-oriented toward the SAR antenna reflects a lot of the energy back, so it appears bright.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">In SAR image processing, there are a thousand calculations needs to be performed for each and every pixel and such image is shown below of Washington, D.C., which is made up of several million pixels in Figure 1.</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9brqcGuGNPe43Nt9s30WH07pbD1_RJ1CAjhzYM5AsGAHTS3opeoBi-j6He9JitjWE6VKT6NUTp6IEjAChLB50WT0MQ_65egdoK7I_WZfWPOj7Y_9IkYPt3bS07kbbzNflxZw7Da5j7wWJ9MaoX1K1DxvPhwwtB_WHEuslKAtw0rurfV1g4fbZsIC6" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="937" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj9brqcGuGNPe43Nt9s30WH07pbD1_RJ1CAjhzYM5AsGAHTS3opeoBi-j6He9JitjWE6VKT6NUTp6IEjAChLB50WT0MQ_65egdoK7I_WZfWPOj7Y_9IkYPt3bS07kbbzNflxZw7Da5j7wWJ9MaoX1K1DxvPhwwtB_WHEuslKAtw0rurfV1g4fbZsIC6=s16000" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Figure
1. SAR image of Washington, D.C. took on
a snowy night in 1994.</span></div></span><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></span></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><i><u>Read more:</u></i></span></b></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Different Types of SAR | Strip mapping Mode SAR | Spotlight Mode SAR | Inverse SAR (ISAR)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Problems in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Radar Categorization Based on Antenna Size | RAR (Real Aperture Radar) | SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html</a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Radar | Types of Radar | Active Radar | Passive Radar</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html</a></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Applications for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html</a></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px;"><i><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Note: </span><span style="font-size: large;">If you are taking help from the above work and also incorporating the above content in your research work, Kindly make sure you are citing the below papers.</span></u></i></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><ol><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003</a></b></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106</a></b></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865</a></b></span></span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z</a></b></span></span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div></div><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span face=""montserrat" , sans-serif" style="outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-65528112804088719032022-02-02T15:56:00.005+05:302022-02-02T19:44:33.821+05:30Applications for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><span> </span><span> </span>SAR has now become one of the valued remote sensing tools for both soldierly and noncombatant users. Various soldierly
SAR applications are intelligence gathering, battlefield survey, and weapons supervision. The
noncombatant applications include topographic planning, geology and mining, oil
spill observation, sea ice observation, oceanography, agricultural and land-use
monitoring, and planetary or celestial examinations. The observation and
interpretation of the earth using SAR have the following wide practical
applications as discussed below.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">On the ocean<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"></p><ul><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Man-made illegal or accidental spills are visible in
SAR images. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Ships can be detected and tracked. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Natural leakage from oil deposits can also be
observed, providing hints for the oil industries.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Scientists are studying the radar backscatter from
the ocean surface which is related to wind and current fronts, eddies, and
internal waves.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">In shallow waters SAR imagery allows one to infer
the bottom topography. <o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">The topography of the ocean floor can be mapped
using the very precise ERS Altimeter
because the sea bottom relief is reflected on the surface by small variations
of the sea surface height.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Ocean wave forecasting and marine climatology.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Regional ice monitoring. This is essential for
navigation in ice-infested waters.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.733333px;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -0.55pt;"><b style="text-indent: -0.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">On the land</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"></p><ul><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Monitoring lands of forestry and agriculture.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Some geological or geomorphological features are
enhanced in radar images thanks to the oblique viewing of the sensor and to its
ability to penetrate (to a certain extent) the vegetation cover.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">SAR data can be used to georeference other satellite
imagery to high precision, and to update thematic maps more frequently and
cost-effectively, due to its availability regardless of weather conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">In the aftermath of a flood, the ability of SAR to
penetrate clouds is extremely useful. Here SAR data can help to optimize
response initiatives and to assess damages.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Detection of small surface
movements caused by earthquakes, landslides or glacier advancement.</span> </li></ul><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><i><u>Read more:</u></i></span></b></div><div><div><div><br /></div></div><div>Different Types of SAR | Strip mapping Mode SAR | Spotlight Mode SAR | Inverse SAR (ISAR)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Problems in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Radar Categorization Based on Antenna Size | RAR (Real Aperture Radar) | SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Radar | Types of Radar | Active Radar | Passive Radar</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><!--[if !supportLists]--><p></p>
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</script></span></p><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px;"><i><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Note: </span><span style="font-size: large;">If you are taking help from the above work and also incorporating the above content in your research work, Kindly make sure you are citing the below papers.</span></u></i></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><ol style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z</a></b></span></span></li></ol><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></div><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: medium; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span face=""montserrat" , sans-serif" style="outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-69448266273272492112022-01-31T14:51:00.005+05:302022-02-14T01:14:55.338+05:30Different Types of SAR | Strip mapping Mode SAR | Spotlight Mode SAR | Inverse SAR (ISAR)<p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">SAR imaging is divided into the following types on the basis of the nature of the application:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Strip mapping Mode SAR</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">The traditional SAR image
processing is based on the strip mapping
mode as shown in Figure 1(a). This mode is used when the large terrain is to be captured. Here the
terrain data is acquired without staring at any particular location. Heavy
computation is required. In this SAR mode, a large
unit of backscattered energy is bounced back and received by the antenna, which
takes more computation time for handling this much data. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Spotlight Mode SAR</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">he flying SAR system stares at an exact a scene typically on the ground</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> as shown in Figure 1(b)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">.
It captures small terrain area than strip mapping
mode hence requires less computation cost.
It captures multiple SAR images of same spot of the terrain to get the
more accurate data. Here multiple SAR images are captured within a time interval of seconds. Since the area of the
captured region is not large, so the amount of reflected energy received by the
antenna is not much. Due to this, the computational time is less.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-F90XEkNcC-p_YydK18WmlLLdQxcHZvwnfsfQ1QtvwsufQJfr5Q3YTeFiuvGbNhStbapyya_Wa0PlbyyDq9QthO7f1VYEOpD8jkyDCsI0YCC17GE3QvzEG7nSY-km-pqiw05Toicq6cVkc4s3E3RdYPE_QvWeDlC-k7wNkToyMAenlV8Gt9XZCmsY" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="296" data-original-width="877" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-F90XEkNcC-p_YydK18WmlLLdQxcHZvwnfsfQ1QtvwsufQJfr5Q3YTeFiuvGbNhStbapyya_Wa0PlbyyDq9QthO7f1VYEOpD8jkyDCsI0YCC17GE3QvzEG7nSY-km-pqiw05Toicq6cVkc4s3E3RdYPE_QvWeDlC-k7wNkToyMAenlV8Gt9XZCmsY=s16000" /></a></div><br /><b style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (a) (b)</span></b><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Figure 1. Types of SAR (a) Stripmap SAR (b)
Spotlight SAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 72pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Spotlight mode is used in
the applications where lower mapping, low processing time and low cost is the
need. This mapping is heavily used by fighter aircraft
to keep inform the navigation system by tracing the recognized landmarks.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Inverse SAR (ISAR)</span></b></p>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">Inverse synthetic aperture
radar (ISAR) is a radar technique that uses the radar imaging concept to create
a 2D-high resolution image of a target. It is analogous to traditional SAR,
except that ISAR technology uses the movement of the target rather than the
emitter to create the synthetic aperture. ISAR is mainly used for capturing or
mapping the moving or rotating targets. The ISAR is critically used in the war
application like the movement of aircrafts and ships.</span><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><i><u>Read more: </u></i></span></b></div><div><div><div>Applications for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div>Problems in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Radar Categorization Based on Antenna Size | RAR (Real Aperture Radar) | SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Radar | Types of Radar | Active Radar | Passive Radar</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html</a></div></div><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br /></span></div><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br /></span></div><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px;"><i><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Note: </span><span style="font-size: large;">If you are taking help from the above work and also incorporating the above content in your research work, Kindly make sure you are citing the below papers.</span></u></i></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><ol style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z</a></b></span></span></li></ol><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></div><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: medium; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span face=""montserrat" , sans-serif" style="outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div></div></div></span></div><div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: KN; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><br /></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-44870027310423911292022-01-31T14:30:00.005+05:302022-02-02T19:45:30.540+05:30Problems in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image<p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">There are a number of reasons of disturbance
in the performance of the SAR system and degradation in the quality of SAR
image. Some of the reasons are nonlinearities of the SAR subsystem that damage
the ability of the system resolution. Noise is one frequently seen </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">problem</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> in SAR images whose major source is
image acquisition. Other sources of noise introduction are the </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">position</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> of sensor and velocity errors that </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">result</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">in</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">
geometric distortion in the SAR image. Major occurring problems in the SAR
image are discussed in</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> Table</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> 1.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Table
1 Real problems in SAR images</span></b></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Real
effects on <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SAR
images (Problems)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 329.1pt;" valign="top" width="439">
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Major
sources<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Geometric distortion<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 329.1pt;" valign="top" width="439">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Change
in position: movement variation and changes in platform attitude (high and
low frequencies) cause distortion due
to the platform of spaceborne or
airborne.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rotation
of earth, topographic effect and curvature cause
distortion due to earth.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Deviation
in sensor mechanism and viewing geometry: panoramic effect causes distortion
due to the sensor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Refraction
and turbulence cause distortion due to
the atmosphere.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Time-variations
or drift and clock synchronicity cause
distortion due to measuring instruments.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">System nonlinear effects<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 329.1pt;" valign="top" width="439">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Amplitude
error and phase error degrades the system impulse response function (IRF).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Thermal
noise damages the dynamic range of the system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Quantisation
error, bit error noise and system
nonlinearities damage the azimuth resolution and dynamic range of IRF.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Range migration<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 329.1pt;" valign="top" width="439">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Linear
drift because of elliptical orbit and earth rotation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">The appearance</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> of hyperbola shaped
reflection as target move towards the synthetic aperture.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Curvature
depends on range compressed response
due to which SAR handles the two-dimensional
space-variant problem.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">High
velocities of airplanes and satellite-borne SAR system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; margin: 12pt 0cm 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Speckle Noise effects<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 329.1pt;" valign="top" width="439">
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SAR
images are shaped by the constant interaction of the transmitted high-frequency radar waves with target areas.
This constant interaction causes random constructive and destructive nosiness
that result in salt and pepper noise
all over the image. This noise scatters all around the image and suffers from
the speckle noise effects and degrades the quality of the SAR image. It is a
granular pattern noise that inherently exists in the SAR image.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 8.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10.95pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">The existence</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> of numerous elemental scatterers with an arbitrary
distribution within a resolution cell.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table><br /><div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><i><u>Read more: </u></i></span></b></div><div><div><div>Applications for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div>Different Types of SAR | Strip mapping Mode SAR | Spotlight Mode SAR | Inverse SAR (ISAR)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Radar Categorization Based on Antenna Size | RAR (Real Aperture Radar) | SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Radar | Types of Radar | Active Radar | Passive Radar</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html</a></div></div><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px;"><i><u><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></u></i></span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px;"><i><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Note: </span><span style="font-size: large;">If you are taking help from the above work and also incorporating the above content in your research work, Kindly make sure you are citing the below papers.</span></u></i></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><ol><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z</a></b></span></span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></div><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span face=""montserrat" , sans-serif" style="outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-46741809950715450262022-01-31T11:45:00.006+05:302022-02-02T19:45:53.895+05:30Radar Categorization Based on Antenna Size | RAR (Real Aperture Radar) | SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)<p> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;">Radar is </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;">categorized into</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.55pt;"> two main groups on the basis
of antenna size:</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Real Aperture Radar (RAR)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)</span></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">RAR (Real Aperture Radar)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">RAR are
the non-coherent radars that are controlled by the physical length of the
antenna. It is active radar that transmits high-frequency
radar waves from the antenna to the particular piece of terrain that one wants
to obtain the image. This transmitted radar waves is of the narrow-angle beam in the range direction at
right angles to the flight direction called as the azimuth direction and
receives the backscattering from the targets which will be transformed to a
radar image from the received signals, as shown in Figure 1.. The image resolution
is defined by the length of the antenna.
It is impractical to design a large antenna in order to get a high-resolution image because in that case, an antenna has to be at least many times of the length of wavelength in order to minimize the bandwidth of
transmitted signal. If in case, such antenna is made then it is very problematic
to mount such antenna, which requires 1
km diameter length of the antenna to get
25 meters resolution with L band (=25 cm) and 100 km distance from a target, a
RAR hence has a practical constraint for refining the azimuth resolution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In SAR imaging, an antenna transmits
the microwave pulses towards the earth surface. This high-frequency microwave energy scattered back to the spacecraft is
measured as shown in Figure 1. The SAR makes use of the radar principle
to form an image by utilizing the time
delay of the backscattered signals. SAR is the coherent radar that is attached
to the satellites and aircrafts that
captures the high-resolution images of the wide surface area of the earth. SAR overshadows
photographic and other optical imaging abilities as it has the advanced capability
of taking images in varying weather conditions, day and night due to a different wavelength of camera sensors.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SAR works over the
sensors of the wavelength of 1 cm to 1 m,
whereas optical sensors use wavelengths near that of visible light or 1 micron. Due to this difference, SAR
has the capability to see through clouds and storms, whereas optical sensors
are unable to do so. On comparing with RAR, SAR increases the size of the antenna
or aperture synthetically to raise the azimuth resolution.
In SAR, the data processing of received signals and phases from moving
targets with a small antenna is a complicated
process.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">When
radar waves hit the earth surface, the proportion of energy scattered back to
the sensor as shown in Figure 1 depends on many factors: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Physical factors such as the dielectric
constant of the surface materials which also depends strongly on the moisture
content.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Geometric factors such as surface
roughness, slopes, orientation of the
objects relative to the radar beam direction.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The types of land cover (soil, vegetation or man-made objects).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Microwave frequency, polarisation and
incident angle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Due to the cloud-penetrating property of microwave, SAR is
able to acquire “cloud-free” images in all-weather. This is especially
useful in the tropical regions which are frequently under cloud covers
throughout the year. Being an active remote sensing device, it is also capable
of night-time operation.</p><p style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh1LYt1ljLJrw14MluihxqfrN5bQa2tXPAFl7j11eyznpgsNmPEB-GhMNHgEOeOYG2upu2IE74zAIwMwHC_o4CUqcBohQZEcay29_6xlF110mj1MtpfQ-5RWy9We3fuJnfbaAQz1XGk3h1nPfLQFvacbB31k4nqtTirzlVB-WsQfmel7FhKvF7dgoej=s606" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="606" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh1LYt1ljLJrw14MluihxqfrN5bQa2tXPAFl7j11eyznpgsNmPEB-GhMNHgEOeOYG2upu2IE74zAIwMwHC_o4CUqcBohQZEcay29_6xlF110mj1MtpfQ-5RWy9We3fuJnfbaAQz1XGk3h1nPfLQFvacbB31k4nqtTirzlVB-WsQfmel7FhKvF7dgoej=s16000" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure 1 (a) A radar pulse is
transmitted from the antenna to the ground (b) The radar pulse is scattered by
the ground targets back to the antenna</span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div><b><span style="font-size: large;"><i><u>Read more: </u></i></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><div>Applications for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div>Different Types of SAR | Strip mapping Mode SAR | Spotlight Mode SAR | Inverse SAR (ISAR)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Problems in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Radar | Types of Radar | Active Radar | Passive Radar</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-types-of-radar-active-radar.html</a></div></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px;"><i><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Note: </span><span style="font-size: large;">If you are taking help from the above work and also incorporating the above content in your research work, Kindly make sure you are citing the below papers.</span></u></i></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865</a></b></span></span></li><li><span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z</a></b></span></span></li></ol><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0cm;"><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></div><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span face=""montserrat" , sans-serif" style="outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div></div></div></div><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-8814486686647805402022-01-31T11:20:00.010+05:302022-02-02T19:46:19.212+05:30Radar | Types of Radar | Active Radar | Passive Radar<p> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Radar (</span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">RA</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">dio </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">D</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">etection </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">A</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">nd </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">R</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">anging or </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">RA</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">dio
</span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">D</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">irection </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">A</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">nd </span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">R</b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">anging) is
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">a system</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> that uses radio waves to detect
and determine the velocity, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">angle</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> or range
of objects. It is used to detect aircraft, ships, guided missiles and weather
formations. A radar system consists of a transmitter that emits </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">high-frequency</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;"> electromagnetic waves. The transmitting
and receiving antenna are used for transmitting the radar waves and receiving
the backscattered information. The receiving antenna and processor determines
the characteristics of the objects.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Radar
is categorized into two types: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Active radar, and <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Passive radar. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;">In active</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> radar, an antenna emits high-frequency radio waves on the objects of
the earth surface and echoes back the backscattered information of the object.
This type of radar is called as mono-static. In Figure
1, the variable T denotes the time delay that is equal to the total time
taken by the signal to be transmitted to the object and reflected back i.e. t<sub>transmitted</sub> + t<sub>echo</sub>. Here the location of the
transmitter and receptor is same.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar#:~:text=Radar%20(radio%20detection%20and%20ranging,angle%2C%20or%20velocity%20of%20objects.&text=Radio%20waves%20(pulsed%20or%20continuous,the%20object's%20location%20and%20speed." style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="" data-original-height="277" data-original-width="799" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4DEV-kFCCJJUWtbS8EMB-HlzDmS89pdkW3H4F5DSRpeA1N2SWJ8MKYLI95IygeUU3sdR20p8hcgyv1iPXXqhi_BPwyTdErlUAjTQNriWxO3uolmAhuOIHYkXBdQLXdg1rP1UAQufLr4M54Y_DomcbIwKDs77OhVI8eOlBWstwr3LU65JpZwXD0sVZ=s16000" /></a></div><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
1 Basic mechanism of an active radar system</span></b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In
a passive radar system, the location of
the transmitter and receptor is different. A passive radar system depends on
the signal spread from a dissimilar location. This type of radar system is
called bi-static. In the Figure 2, t1+t2 = t3+t4. This condition is true for every
object that is positioned on the ellipse of Figure 2. For both of the objects in Figure 2, from the receptor point of view,
the time delay between the original signal and the reflected signal is exactly
the same. The performance of the passive radar system is highly dependent on
the number of transmitters and receptors and their geometry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_161" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 239.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 389.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:/Users/303186/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar#:~:text=Radar%20(radio%20detection%20and%20ranging,angle%2C%20or%20velocity%20of%20objects.&text=Radio%20waves%20(pulsed%20or%20continuous,the%20object's%20location%20and%20speed." style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img alt="" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="810" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiB1cBMxP485s6HQ46EUuKEGVy1Z99N2B21eSaC0s6_bKFKPLjjtGSOwId4puJQwmw602BNpq6dEe4sSceuI1GlnEex1KmPk2r_om-ichxqn05p2hUB22OHzh0WCqNJ7z5_BxnPUQQMTRSYUOSzXRccQPkb_s2-9quWQD-nmlktchDMfU2rxJYiheRi=s16000" /></a></b></div><b><br /></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure 2 Basic mechanism of a passive radar system</span></b><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></p><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><i><u>Read more: </u></i></span></b></div><div><div><div>Applications for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/02/applications-for-sar.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div>Different Types of SAR | Strip mapping Mode SAR | Spotlight Mode SAR | Inverse SAR (ISAR)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/different-types-of-sar-strip-mapping.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Problems in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/problems-in-synthetic-aperture-radar.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Radar Categorization Based on Antenna Size | RAR (Real Aperture Radar) | SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)</div><div><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/radar-categorization-based-on-antenna.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 24px;"><i><u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Note: </span><span style="font-size: large;">If you are taking help from the above work and also incorporating the above content in your research work, Kindly make sure you are citing the below papers.</span></u></i></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"></p><ol><li><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215098617314003</a></b></span></span></li><li><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817301106</a></b></span></span></li><li><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319157817303865</a></b></span></span></li><li><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11831-021-09548-z</a></b></span></span></li></ol><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></div><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></div><div class="separator" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div style="font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span face=""montserrat" , sans-serif" style="outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div></div></div><p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-8236033721367876412022-01-28T19:31:00.007+05:302022-01-28T21:20:57.540+05:30Trending Topics in Image Processing<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiPifmsSK3CbSVfkBRJgK3cin1rnKKNd1IRqX0H5AtfffTwdgwZVcrf1oOX-sR5ZOLEcDXweEu9q6WggQ4ju7kTuxgdP6hZLXiEpAZSaJai__BRPgmAsFnmfKE2XIq_qqxnA9M6AjxPcvv8vl7AEIo0-JPO-QRd1K2neW0lXtIRc2ZU-z3kmxDY15_Y=s471" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Trending Topics in Image Processing" border="0" data-original-height="77" data-original-width="471" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiPifmsSK3CbSVfkBRJgK3cin1rnKKNd1IRqX0H5AtfffTwdgwZVcrf1oOX-sR5ZOLEcDXweEu9q6WggQ4ju7kTuxgdP6hZLXiEpAZSaJai__BRPgmAsFnmfKE2XIq_qqxnA9M6AjxPcvv8vl7AEIo0-JPO-QRd1K2neW0lXtIRc2ZU-z3kmxDY15_Y=s16000" title="Trending Topics in Image Processing" /></a></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br /></span></b></div></div><b><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Automatic Image Enhancement and Restoration</span></b></div></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">During the capture, compression, and transmission
of images, the quality of the images is typically compromised. Image blur
caused by lens out-of-focus, resolution loss owing to acquisition equipment
pixel limitations, high ISO noise spots, and JPEG block artefacts are all
common deteriorations. Removing the deterioration while maintaining the
original image attributes is all about image enhancement and restoration.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Biomedical Imaging</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In the field of biomedical imaging, there is a wide
range of imaging modalities available today, including magnetic resonance
imaging (MR), CT, PET, OCT, and ultrasound, that may give a wealth of
information on the human body's structural and functional processes. There are
still numerous fundamental trade-offs between these three features because of
operational, budgetary, and physical limits, even though imaging technology has
evolved dramatically over the years to enhance resolution and SNR, as well as
lower capture speed. Due to issues such as noise, technology-related
distortions, low resolution, and contrast, raw data might be totally worthless.
Research scientists and physicians typically have difficulty deciphering and
analysing biomedical imaging data because of the data's inherent complexity. To
help clinicians, radiologists, pathologists, and clinical research scientists
better visualize, diagnose, and understand various diseases affecting the human
body, researchers in the VIP group are coming up with innovative and exciting
solutions to address issues associated with biomedical imaging.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Image Inpainting</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Inpainting is the process of filling in the blanks
in a picture. Object removal, restoring, transformation, re-targeting,
compositing, and image-based rendering are all examples of computer vision
problems that rely on these capabilities.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Computer Vision</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">If you're interested in learning more about
computer vision, you're at the right place. Image/video processing, pattern
recognition, biological vision, artificial intelligence, and augmented reality
are just a few of the topics that fall under the umbrella of computer vision.
When it comes to applications, there is a wide variety from simple jobs (such
as counting objects on an assembly line) to more difficult duties (such as
keeping track of human activity in an outside camera). For example, robot
navigation, tracking objects (e.g. tracking vehicles through an intersection),
finding specific information (e.g. find all the 'cows' in a large digital image
database), recognising events (e.g., did someone leave a suitcase behind at the
airport?), creating biological models (e.g., how does the human biological
system work?) are all examples of how computer vision can be applied. The VIP
lab focuses on computer vision challenges for the majority of its research.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Image Segmentation/Classification</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">IA digital picture's ability to be mined for
information is typically dependent on the process of 'segmentation,' and
'classification', in which the image is broken down into homogeneous sections
and the required items are identified. Image processing and pattern recognition
algorithms are combined in this key step at computer vision. Color, texture,
and form are all examples of what is meant by the term "homogeneous."
This approach can be applied in medical imaging, crops in satellite
photography, cells in biological tissue, or human faces in conventional digital
photographs or video. However, unique items and visuals may necessitate the use
of specialized processes to get the best results. The VIP lab's sophisticated
work in decoupled active contours serves as a dedicated segmentation example.
Automated sea ice categorization is a specific example of classification.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Multiresolution Techniques</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In terms of algorithms, models, methodologies, and
concepts, multiresolution techniques cover a wide spectrum. It is essential to explicitly
represent short-range, mid-range, and long-range interactions in a
multiresolution method. One of the most important reasons for using a
multiresolution strategy is that:<o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">by taking use of long-range
phenomena that would otherwise go unappreciated instead of waiting for
large-scale convergence of local pixel-level operations, algorithms may
work at both fine and coarse scales, which reduces computational
complexity.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Reducing problem
conditioning and increasing numerical resilience, with a multiresolution
transformation acting as an algebraic pre-conditioner.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">By making long-range
characteristics available, the process can be simplified by making it
easier to deal with than pixel-level features in some cases.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">When you model or analyse
problems on many scales, you gain a greater understanding of the issue at
hand.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In spite of the fact that
several techniques and algorithms have been developed, they generally fall
into a few categories:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Wavelet-Based Methods</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The decomposition of an image or video into several
scales using a wavelet transform is particularly popular for image/video
denoising or feeding the coefficients at many scales into a classifier for
image classification and segmentation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Models with a higher level of abstraction
(Hierarchical Models)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Scale-independent random fields are expressly used
in this model to describe a pixellated, finest-scale random field. Using Markov
decomposition methods, the multi-scale model may be simpler in many
circumstances. Because it is easier to assert multiple models at different
sizes when using a multi-scale model rather than a single scale model that must
claim all of the different scale-dependent behaviors simultaneously,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Algorithms with a hierarchical structure
(Hierarchical Algorithms)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">No matter what kind of model is used, the
processing technique can still be considered hierarchical. For example,
multigrid methods solve a single-scale linear system by casting the issue onto
a hierarchy, while wavelet methods in image processing convert an image into a
set of multiscale coefficients within the wavelet domain, where certain
operations (like image compression or denoising) are relatively simple.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Steganography</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">It is possible to hide secret data in a non-secret
file or communication in order to evade discovery; the secret data may then be
recovered at its destination. Steganography can be used in conjunction with
encryption as an additional layer of protection for data. The Greek terms
steganos (meaning concealed or covered) and the Greek root graph combine to
form the word steganography (meaning to write).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Remote Sensing</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">An important aspect of remote sensing is that it
allows for frequent monitoring of land, ocean, and atmospheric expanses that any
other form of data acquisition cannot obtain. Data produced by remote sensing
channels is vast and must be analysed accurately to improve throughput, cut
prices, or develop new products. There is currently no known artificial
algorithm that can efficiently analyse remotely sensed images. Our remote
sensing researchers are working to tackle challenges in denoising, disparate
scene registration, multisensor fusion, region segmentation and scene classification
using remote sensing. Automated information extraction techniques for
understanding remote sensing pictures are the overarching goal of the proposed
study.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Scientific Imaging</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The terms "image processing" and
"computer vision" cover a wide range of applications requiring the
use of cameras to collect data. Denoising or compressing photographs of people,
buildings, landscapes, and the like is the primary focus of research in this
area. It's tough to represent the human environment since it's full of straight
lines and edges, thus many of the heuristic approaches for such pictures are
used.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Scientists typically use two- or three-dimensional
imaging for scientific purposes, typically collected either through a microscope
or remotely-sensed pictures captured at a distance. At the micron and kilometer
scale, the natural world has a considerably more random, textured or uneven
structure that can frequently be described mathematically as a random field.
This contrasts with the sophisticated structure of human (meter) size.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Photographic image processing approaches are more
heuristic, whereas scientific imaging methods are more model-based. Some of the
methods we employ include Markov random fields, Gibbs random fields, hidden
Markov models, and wavelet models.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Information Extraction</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">It's always a challenge to deal with a large volume
of text data. Consequently, many businesses and organizations use Information
Extraction techniques to automate manual tasks with clever algorithms. It is possible
to minimize human labour, cut costs, and make the process less error-prone and
more efficient through the use of information extraction.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Stochastic Models</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">The look of the underlying scene in the data
obtained, the placement and trajectory of the interest point, the physical
features (e.g., size, shape, colour, etc.) of the objects being detected, etc.
are all examples of factors in many image processing, computer vision, and
pattern recognition applications that are fraught with uncertainty. A vast
range of possible outcomes for each element can't be accounted for efficiently
or effectively utilising deterministic methodologies because of the uncertainty
inherent in these factors. For a more accurate depiction of the topic at hand,
stochastic models allow for the inclusion of such uncertainties. Using unique
ways to build stable, large-scale stochastic models, researchers in the VIP lab
are working to improve image processing and computer vision challenges,
including image denoising and segmentation and registration and classification.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Evolutionary Deep Intelligence</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">In recent years, deep learning has shown great
promise, achieving fantastic achievements and greatly improving the accuracy of
a number of tough tasks when compared to previous machine learning approaches.
Due to the complexity and size of their computational structures, these systems
necessitate high-performance computing (such as supercomputer clusters and GPU
arrays). Machine learning expertise are also needed to properly construct and
fine-tune huge, complicated structures for deep neural networks. The quest for
ever-deeper and more extensive networks to improve cognitive correctness has
led to a rise in complexity. Consequently, it has become nearly impossible to
use such strong but complicated deep neural networks in settings where
computing and energy resources are limited, such as embedded devices, and it
has become more difficult to hand-craft such structures.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Discovery Radiomics</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Radiomics is bringing a new era of image-driven
quantitative tailored cancer decision support and management by extracting and
analyzing vast quantities of quantitative characteristics from medical imaging
data. In spite of its tremendous potential, radiomics is currently limited by
the fact that it relies on actual, predetermined imaging-based feature methods
that rely on facets such as intensity, texture, and shape, which can
significantly limit its ability to classify the unique traits of different
cancer types properly.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Discovery radiomics is the next step in
personalised cancer quantification by presenting the concept of forgoing the
notion of predetermined feature models by discovering customised, tailored
radiomics feature models straight from the amount of medical imaging data that
is already out there. Imaging-based features that capture highly unique tumour
traits and characteristics beyond what can be captured using pre-defined
feature models can now be identified in unprecedented detail, allowing for an
unprecedented understanding and characterization of the distinct cancer
phenotype associated with different forms of cancer.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Sports Analytics</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">Data about players, teams, and games may be gleaned
from photographs using computer vision techniques known as sports analytics. Do
you want to discover how a player's skill level affects the team as a whole?
Can a team's chances of reaching the championship game be improved just by
playing better defense? These are just a handful of the many questions that
sports analytics seeks to solve.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;"><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script>
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</script></span></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-55957882024071647732022-01-22T20:48:00.006+05:302022-02-10T11:29:18.149+05:30Multi-Focus Image Fusion Matlab Code Using Wavelet Transform (SWT)<p> <b style="text-align: center;"> Image Fusion Matlab Code | Image Fusion | Types of Image Fusion | Single-Sensor Image Fusion | Multi-Sensor Image Fusion | Multi-View Image Fusion | Multi-Model Image Fusion | Multi-Focus Image Fusion | Matlab Codes | Top Ten Online Matlab Image Fusion Code links</b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"></script><!--Adheader--><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3365784052231860" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-slot="7763793030" data-full-width-responsive="true" style="display: block;"></ins><script>
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</script></b></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvmXBfMfjw-ZHBbs1mA2aHuKmNp7cPsxEfEsAS0QQq5xnW_LGQZIpnfOQLvjxmrtft0pAurAZaabjh6-DbWkOpNH_rDPiR04OKuoPpXMYj1k23NV8eMRkkidMYiBJvbuZk6M0eAUu_2FaEj0nXv6pSpgN0TxOsLxgPA9QaoUcvzi7693BbNkUjQzwy=s377" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="377" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgvmXBfMfjw-ZHBbs1mA2aHuKmNp7cPsxEfEsAS0QQq5xnW_LGQZIpnfOQLvjxmrtft0pAurAZaabjh6-DbWkOpNH_rDPiR04OKuoPpXMYj1k23NV8eMRkkidMYiBJvbuZk6M0eAUu_2FaEj0nXv6pSpgN0TxOsLxgPA9QaoUcvzi7693BbNkUjQzwy=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>Matlab Codes of Image Fusion: Open Access Database:</b> <a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/matlab-codes-of-image-fusion-open.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2022/01/matlab-codes-of-image-fusion-open.html</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>Multi-Focus Image Fusion Technique using Stationary Wavelet Transform Matlab Code | Multi-Focus Image Fusion Matlab Code | Image Fusion Matlab Code:</b> <a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/image-fusion-using-swt.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/image-fusion-using-swt.html</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>Multi-focus Image Fusion:</b> <a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/04/multi-focus-image-fusion.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/04/multi-focus-image-fusion.html</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>MATLAB implementation of Multi-focus image fusion using wavelet transform:</b> <a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/04/matlab-implementation-of-image-fusion.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/04/matlab-implementation-of-image-fusion.html</a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/p/download1.html" target="_blank">Download Code</a></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-align: left; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></div><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span face=""montserrat" , sans-serif" style="outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div></div></div></span></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-43666005486817718042022-01-22T00:16:00.006+05:302022-02-10T11:32:09.317+05:30Matlab Codes of Image Fusion: Open Access Database<p style="text-align: center;"><b> Image Fusion Matlab Code | Image Fusion | Types of Image Fusion | Single-Sensor Image Fusion | Multi-Sensor Image Fusion | Multi-View Image Fusion | Multi-Model Image Fusion | Multi-Focus Image Fusion | Matlab Codes | Top Ten Online Matlab Image Fusion Code links</b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></b></li><li>DT CWT based image Fusion: <a href="https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/32086-dt-cwt-based-image-fusion">https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/32086-dt-cwt-based-image-fusion</a><br /><br /></li><li>Multi-Focus Image Fusion Technique using Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT): <a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/image-fusion-using-swt.html">https://www.gofastresearch.com/2020/05/image-fusion-using-swt.html</a><br /><br /></li><li>Multi-focus-image-fusion-in-DCT-domain-based-on-correlation-coefficient-MATLAB-Code: <a href="https://github.com/mostafaaminnaji/Multi-focus-image-fusion-in-DCT-domain-based-on-correlation-coefficient-MATLAB-Code/blob/master/DCT_Corr.m">https://github.com/mostafaaminnaji/Multi-focus-image-fusion-in-DCT-domain-based-on-correlation-coefficient-MATLAB-Code/blob/master/DCT_Corr.m</a><br /><br /></li><li>Image fusion: resolution merge (improve spatial resolution): <a href="https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/26714-image-fusion-resolution-merge-improve-spatial-resolution">https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/26714-image-fusion-resolution-merge-improve-spatial-resolution</a><br /><br /></li><li>Matlab code of image fusion based on Laplace pyramid algorithm: <a href="https://cdmana.com/2022/01/202201120910284689.html">https://cdmana.com/2022/01/202201120910284689.html</a></li></ol><div><b style="text-align: center;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></b></div></div></div><p></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="border: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; position: relative; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"></div><br style="outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"><span face=""montserrat" , sans-serif" style="outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more image processing topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-36492033027256295272022-01-13T08:17:00.003+05:302022-01-14T12:47:24.089+05:30Difference between conference paper and journal paper<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUbYchOE-ZvcYuLN0Utpg01PpRpFcDOfoQN9xlmyx3oV8mUXxEyjTL3Pcv7xAI1UyiuPk9OZMi3ZcyYm0z1YIshlqNGLfCbDeWNayjEKEMLFwBRDklGhfH6-1qcUSUcL13WCq8EP3mnlA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="117" data-original-width="346" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUbYchOE-ZvcYuLN0Utpg01PpRpFcDOfoQN9xlmyx3oV8mUXxEyjTL3Pcv7xAI1UyiuPk9OZMi3ZcyYm0z1YIshlqNGLfCbDeWNayjEKEMLFwBRDklGhfH6-1qcUSUcL13WCq8EP3mnlA/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script><br /><div> <div>When you write a conference paper, you are writing it with the intention of having it accepted to a conference. A conference is typically an annual (or biannual) venue with a specific scope where you can present your results to the community in one of three ways: either as an oral presentation, a poster presentation, or a table discussion. When it comes to conferences, the review process is typically completed within a set time frame: everyone submits by a specific deadline, then the review committee (also known as the programme committee) collaborates to review and discuss papers, and then all authors are notified with an accept or reject decision at the same time. Because the review process follows a set timetable (which corresponds to the schedule of the actual meeting), the periods for conference review are quite predictable.<p></p><p><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></p><p>A journal paper is an article that has been published in a particular issue of the journal. It ranges from one issue each month to once a year, or anything in between; it may not even be a regular occurrence for certain journals. The review process for journals is frequently unpredictable, with no set timetable or plan in place: while journals may make promises such as "reviews in six weeks," in my experience, this is seldom, if ever, followed through on. Journals, as opposed to conferences, typically have a rolling review schedule, and reviewers can choose to ask authors for revisions, which means that there may be multiple review phases (often limited to three, at which point the paper is rejected or accepted), whereas conferences typically have only accept/reject decisions.</p><p><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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No matter what picture you conjure up, it's a safe chance that you're conjuring up images of information sources—articles, books, individuals, or works of art. A research paper, on the other hand, is more than the sum of your sources, more than a compilation of various bits of information about a topic, and more than a survey of the literature in a certain field. A research paper is a piece of writing that examines or defends an issue. You should offer your own thoughts and information in a research paper, regardless of the sort of research paper you are writing. Your final research paper should be supported by the ideas and information of others.</span><p></p><p>For example, a lawyer investigates and learns about several instances before relying on them to support his or her own position in court. A scientist reviews a large number of case studies in order to support a certain scientific concept. An undergraduate history student writing on the Vietnam War could study newspaper articles and books as well as interview veterans in order to establish and/or confirm a point of view and then back it up with facts to back up their claim.</p><p>A research paper is a formalised essay in which you provide your own interpretation, appraisal, or argument in support of your point of view. When you write an essay, you draw on all that you personally know and have considered about a certain topic matter. When you write a research paper, you expand on what you already know about the subject and make a conscious effort to learn more about it from experts in the field. Research papers include examining a field of expertise in order to get the most up-to-date and accurate information feasible about that topic. And if you know how to conduct a survey, it may be both organised and targeted. Don't be concerned about becoming lost in a sea of information sources.</p><p>Rather than that, this guide is intended to assist you in navigating the research voyage, from formulating a research topic and thesis through conducting research, producing a paper, and properly documenting your sources and sources of information.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-4384826827104924792021-07-17T21:56:00.006+05:302022-01-12T15:27:01.016+05:30What is Patent?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVFk3eITAWaF5XWV4CjipwfdNSDRJw4BDg8MzCILdxGpBeWF1VYKXtMBdMk-NbDCf16YQ-mz75zZJ7RqoEMQeZygZdx2E6RHCd0kj508yBah3qHjwvt-E_2B_VJVcE1e2p5-EmskLmu8Y/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="409" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVFk3eITAWaF5XWV4CjipwfdNSDRJw4BDg8MzCILdxGpBeWF1VYKXtMBdMk-NbDCf16YQ-mz75zZJ7RqoEMQeZygZdx2E6RHCd0kj508yBah3qHjwvt-E_2B_VJVcE1e2p5-EmskLmu8Y/" width="256" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p>It is possible to obtain a patent for an innovation, which grants its owner the legal right to prevent others from manufacturing it, using it, or selling it for a limited period of years in exchange for publishing an enabling public disclosure describing the invention. To enforce patent rights in most countries, the patent holder must file a lawsuit against the person who has infringed on the patent in order to get a court order. Patents are an important source of competitive advantage in certain industries, whereas they are largely unimportant in others.</p><p>According to national laws and international agreements, the method for issuing patents, the conditions imposed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary considerably from country to country. As a rule of thumb, a patent application must contain one or more claims that specify the extent of the intellectual property protection that is being sought. A patent may contain a number of claims, each of which specifies a different type of property right. These claims must satisfy a number of patentability standards, which in the United States include novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness, among other criteria.</p><p>According to the World Trade Organization's (WTO) TRIPS Agreement, patents should be available in WTO member states for any invention, in any field of technology, as long as it is new, involves an inventive step, and is capable of industrial application. However, there are differences in what is patentable subject matter from country to country and among WTO member states, depending on the country. Also stipulated in TRIPS is that the period of protection offered shall be a minimum of twenty years in duration.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-2988891776009003202020-07-22T17:51:00.002+05:302020-07-24T16:41:18.289+05:30What is Copyright?<div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Copyright - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/1200px-Copyright.svg.png" width="320" /></div>Copyright is a legal right that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to determine whether the work can be used by others. <div><br /></div><div>These rights frequently include reproduction, use as derivative works, distribution, and rights such as attribution. </div><div><br /></div><div>These exclusive rights are not absolute but are restricted by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, such as fair use. </div><div><br /></div><div>Copyright varies by country, with the average being an expiration about 75 or so years after the creator dies. </div><div><br /></div><div>The goal of copyright is to encourage the development of content and innovation while providing protection to the copyright holder of the work so that they could potentially monetize the work. </div><div><br /></div><div>Copyright exists upon creation or when itis fixed in a tangible form. </div><div><br /></div><div>Registration is not required for copyright, but registration does add a level of additional protection for potential legal remedies if the copyright is violated. </div><div><br /></div><div>The process for registration varies greatly by country. Part of the conversation in recent years regarding copyright involves Creative Commons. </div><div><br /></div><div>Creative Commons is a license that is applied to a work that is protected by copyright. It’s a way to share copyrighted work. </div><div><br /></div><div>Creative Commons is a non-profit organization that provides licensing options that a creator can use to license their work. It allows creators to share their work without giving up control. </div><div><br /></div><div>Copyright has played a valuable role in developed and developing societies, but not without strong opinions.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-62810102050243391602020-07-22T17:42:00.002+05:302020-07-22T17:52:50.595+05:30What is Scopus?<div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Scopus Indexed Journal List PDF - Fast & Easy Publication" height="263" src="https://higssoftware.com/images/higs-phd-scopus.jpg" width="400" /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Scopus is an abstract and citation database launched in 2004. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It covers the fields of science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and the arts and humanities.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;">It covers various formats of sources, Books and Book Series, Peer-Reviewed Journals, Trade Journals, Conference Papers, and other formats. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is used by authors, researchers, students, librarians, universities, and a host of others to find, locate, and evaluate the research output from around the world. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Scopus is a subscription service. According to Scopus, it includes 64 million records. 21,548 journal titles. 5,000 publishers. 131,000 books including monographs. 7.5 million Conference papers. 320 trade publications and other content. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">All materials covered in the database are reviewed each year to ensure quality standards are maintained. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Scopus gives four types of quality measures for each title; those are <b>h-Index, CiteScore, SCImago Journal Rank, and Source NormalizedImpact per Paper or SNIP</b>. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Scopus offers author profiles that cover academic affiliations, a number of publications, and their bibliographic data, references, and details on the number of citations each document has received. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It has an alert feature that allows users to track changes to a profile, as well as make changes themselves. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Scopus IDs for authors are also integrated with ORCID. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Since Scopus is owned by Elsevier, an independent Scopus Content Selection and Advisory Board was established to prevent a potential conflict of interest in the choice of journals to be included in the database. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The board consists of scientists and subject librarians. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Scopus is one of many multidisciplinary abstracting and indexing services, and certainly one of the largest and most prominent.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-22823097734733242882020-07-07T11:47:00.005+05:302020-07-22T17:53:13.724+05:30What is Google Scholar?<div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Why Does Google Scholar Not Find My Research Paper? - Journal ..." height="215" src="https://www.journal-publishing.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Googlescholar.jpg" style="text-align: left;" width="320" /></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Google Scholar is a search engine that indexes scholarly literature across many disciplines and formats.</li><li>Google Scholar was launched in 2004 it includes peer-reviewed academic journal articles, books and monographs, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other formats.</li><li>It reportedly contains the full text or metadata of over a hundred and sixty million documents as of 2014.</li><li>Some of the features of Google Scholar include a citation importing feature for supporting the bibliography. The managers being able to save search results, being able to view an impact factor of some journals. </li><li>It creates the ability to search for digital or physical copies of articles whether online or in libraries and linking to the availability of the cited content.</li><li><b>Google Scholar created scholar citations profiles or author profiles that are editable by the author's themselves and that link to their indexed work.</b></li><li>Google Scholar separately includes a legal database of US cases that inserts Westlaw and Lexis Nexis style page numbers in line with the text of the case.</li><li>Google Scholar also has its detractors. The topics of concern are lack of screening for quality and including predatory open access material listing content in incorrect disciplines vulnerability.</li><li>To spam an incomplete listing of all major scholarly publications and more most recently people have been observing that the major publishers and databases performing academic search engine optimization as a way to optimize placement in such places as Google Scholar brings a host of other potentially negative issues to the front nonetheless.</li><li>Google Scholar will continue to grow in importance with users and there are concerns that it will replace in the minds of many other more scholarly options.</li></ul><div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4311838432104507583.post-83511594849279704002020-06-28T11:04:00.008+05:302022-01-21T10:01:22.402+05:30Computer Vision vs Image Processing | Difference between Computer Vision and Image Processing<div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Computer Vision vs Image Processing | Difference between Computer Vision and Image Processing. </b>Computer vision and image processing are used almost interchangeably in many contexts. They both involve doing some computations on images. But are they really the same thing? Let's guide you about what they are, how they are different, and how they are linked to each other.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCmP4o7Q4SXLVDCHR-TbZxhW3nTRifaISNzcSwXE2ZMz5iKpwhy1wBmYkniGGzAm4E4KW5bUVN5Ay7c2i5egHw050p5GSSuZNtW69m-cZhyphenhyphengXTnXRqDm3up3k64HWCMUW3av5_fgl7Rcg/s659/CVIP.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Computer Vision vs Image Processing | Difference between Computer Vision and Image Processing" border="0" data-original-height="659" data-original-width="635" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCmP4o7Q4SXLVDCHR-TbZxhW3nTRifaISNzcSwXE2ZMz5iKpwhy1wBmYkniGGzAm4E4KW5bUVN5Ay7c2i5egHw050p5GSSuZNtW69m-cZhyphenhyphengXTnXRqDm3up3k64HWCMUW3av5_fgl7Rcg/w616-h640/CVIP.png" title="Computer Vision vs Image Processing | Difference between Computer Vision and Image Processing" width="616" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Image processing focuses on, well, processing images. What this means is that the input and the output are both images. An image processing algorithm can transform images in many ways: smoothing, sharpening, changing the brightness and contrast, highlighting the edges, and so on. Computer vision, on the other hand, focuses on making sense of what a machine sees. A computer vision system inputs an image and outputs task-specific knowledge, such as object labels and coordinates. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Computer vision and image processing work together in many cases. Many computer vision systems rely on image processing algorithms. For example, computer vision systems rarely use raw imaging data that comes directly from a sensor. Instead, they use images that are processed by an image signal processor. The opposite is also possible. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It wasn't common for an image processing algorithm to rely on computer vision systems in the past but more and more advanced image processing methods have started to use computer vision to enhance images. Face beautification filters, for example, use computer vision techniques to detect faces and apply smoothing filters such as a bilateral filter selectively. They can do more advanced stuff such as enhancing eye clarity or emulating a spotlight by detecting facial landmarks and tuning the images locally. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Another key characteristic of computer vision is the use of machine learning. Machine learning is a field of study that focuses on teaching machines how to perform a certain task given a set of examples. For example, we can build a model that can tell the difference between a cat and a dog after being trained on pictures of cats and dogs. It's true that computer vision heavily relies on machine learning but that's no longer a differentiator. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Many advanced image processing methods also use machine learning models to transform images to accomplish a variety of tasks, such as applying artistic filters to an image, tuning an image for optimal perceptual image quality or enhancing details to maximize the performance for computer vision tasks. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It's worth mentioning that there isn't really a hard line between these two fields. The line between computer vision and image processing gets blurry when you do pixel to pixel transformations. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Let's take semantic segmentation as an example. If a model produces per-pixel labels for an input image, then its output can be considered as an image. In that sense, the model would be doing some sort of image processing. On the other hand, since such a transformation involves image understanding, trying to understand what's in the input, it would also be considered computer vision. Overall, semantic segmentation more of a computer vision than image processing but you get the idea. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Another example of the interplay between image processing and computer vision would be the use of Convolutional Neural Networks or CNN's for short. CNN's typically take pixel intensity values as inputs and learn to process them in a way that makes it possible to accomplish a certain computer vision task, such as image recognition. The output of such a model can, for example, be a label that describes what's in the input image. Internal layers of CNN's can be considered as image filters with tunable parameters.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Therefore, what CNN does can be considered as some sort of adaptive image processing. The use of CNN's is not limited to image processing though. They can be used to process and analyze other types of data as well. CNN's do a great job at the vision, audio, and even natural language processing applications. Researchers and engineers have built amazing applications using CNN's. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3365784052231860"
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</script></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Check out my earlier posts in the image processing category. I hope you liked it. If you have any comments, questions, or recommendations for this short tutorial then let me know in the comments section below. Subscribe for more related posts.</div><div><br /></div><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s1600/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="448" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9JqNq_iu00A1xo0oo3fG3kHyw7XRVm_TtQVEwikq7praa7br3qzoEtGA9pVrF95PmkhkQXmmEDSFjtJziWc7Zup8-cPANv70qEfP5UZzENnGUEe_Wknpj15RVf5yC0o0mQN0aUDnOu7E/s320/ask-blackboard-chalk-board-chalkboard-356079.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span face="montserrat, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5e5e5e; font-size: 15px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;"> For more topics refer: </span><a href="https://www.gofastresearch.com/" style="background-color: white; clear: none; color: #f2132d; float: none; font-family: montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; outline: 0px; text-align: center; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">https://www.gofastresearch.com/</a></div></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0